Gastroenteritis

Lore & Background

Gastroenteritis is usually caused by viruses, though bacteria, parasites, and fungi can also be responsible. In children, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease, while in adults, norovirus and Campylobacter are frequent. Transmission occurs through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms typically begin 12–72 hours after exposure and include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Dehydration is a common complication, especially in children.

Reader's Guide

Children in developing countries are disproportionately affected, with those under two years often experiencing six or more infections per year. Prevention strategies include hand washing with soap, clean water, breastfeeding, and rotavirus vaccination. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement, with oral rehydration solution for mild to moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics are generally not needed except in specific cases such as young children with fever and bloody diarrhea. The condition is distinct from influenza, though commonly called 'stomach flu' in Canada and the United States.

Did You Know?

• Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children.
• Norovirus accounts for about 90% of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in American adults.
• Reactive arthritis occurs in 1% of people following Campylobacter infection.
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome may result from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli or Shigella.